Microbes – Beneficial & Harmful Microbes are also called the microorganisms which are present everywhere around us is soil, water, air

They can be divided into six major types →

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Fungi
4. Protonica
5. Algae
6. virus es.

Note- Harmful microorganisms include, fungi Bacteria Protonica, etc.

father of Biotechnology→ Karoly Ereky

• Protein content in yeast cells – 40-50 %
• Yeast- microorganisms have high vitamin content.
• Lactobacilli – a kind of bacteria, which is minute and rectangular in shape.
• Lactobacilli are anaerobic bacteria i.e they can produce energy without the use of oxygen.
• Rhizobium: supply nitrate, nitrates, and amino acid to that plant and in exchange get energy in the form of carbohydrates from
• Yeast- is a unicellular fungus with 1500 different species in existence, the yeast cell is a eukaryotic type of cell.
• Clostridium– the bacteria which spoil cooked food are clostridium, out of about 100 different species of the condition.
• The species of yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae.
• Yeast is used for the production of ethanol.
• Citric acid was the first discovered organic acid from the microbial fermentation of lemon.
• Lactobacillus – used for the industrial production of organic acid.
• Frist microbial enzymes were obtained from the fungal amylase in 1896 used for digestive disorders.

• Frist antibiotic-Penicillin (discovered by Alexander Fleming 1928)
• A microorganism which are presenting our digestive tracts helpfully and developing or synthesizing in vitamin K
• These microbes are involved in synthesizing Vitamin K
• Microbes in Agricultural: Nitrogen fixation is carried out naturally in soil by microorganisms termed diazo trophy that includes bacteria such as Azotobacter and archaea.
• Glomus- microbe’sforms symbiotic associated with plants and help them in their nutrition.
• Glomus- helps in absorption of phosphorus from the soil by plants.
• Trichoderma- A common biocontrol agent for the control of plant disease.
• Mycoplasmas- are considered a link b/w bacteria and viruses.
• Antibiotics are the most effective Bacteria.
• Bacillus thuringinensis is a widely used insecticide also used for biopesticide.
• Alcoholic fermentation is used in organism saccharomyces.
• The virus contains- Nucleic acid and protein.
• An external company is required – by the Companies Act 2013.
• The genotype of an organism is improved by the addition of foreign genes, the process is Genetics engineering.
• Genetics engineering- the term “vector is applied for the plasmid.
• Genetics engineering- the modification or manipulation of organism through the processes of heredity and reproduction.
• The DNA used to transfer the desired DNA into a host cell or an organism is know as a vectors mainly plasmid and DNA of Viruses.
• Bacteriophages and Agrobacteria, pickup the recombination DNA and Introduce in to host bacteria or plant cell by pathogenic agents
• The plant protoplasts and animal cell pickup recombination DNA in liposome.
• Restriction enzymes function- to defend the cell against invading viral bacteriophages.
• DAN is negativity charged so it will move toward the positive role.
• Golden rice pale yellow in colour.
• It is rich in beta- carotene golden rice is a transgenic variety rice produced through genetic engineering, genetically modified bio fortified to bio synthesize beta- carotene a precursor of vitamin A in the edible part of rice.
• Genetic Engineering (1951) Jack Williamson first time coined.
• Yellow golden rice- bacterium agrobacterium tumefaciens (used in the production transgenic plant) as vector and gene- Erwiana uredovora.
• A plasmid – 1. Is a circular DNA molecule. 2. Always contain an origin of replication 3. Usually contain one or more restriction sites.
• E coli. Plasmid is frequently used as a cloning vector.
• The first time recombinant DNA molecule by combining- Paul Berg (1972).
• Restriction enzymes were discovered by smith and Nathans.
• The first transgenic plant to be produced is tobacco.
• Escherichia coli (E.Coli)- Bacterium is used in the production of insulin by genetic engineering.
• Recombinant DAN- Host DAN +fragments of foreign DNA.
• Southern Blotting is- transfer of DNA fragments from electrophoretic get to a nitrocellulose sheet.
• PEG (Polyethylene Glycol)- the chemical is widely used in protoplast fusion.
• 1^stgenetically modification approved crop variety name- flavor- genetically modified tomato)
• Plasmids are extra-chromosomal genetic material of bacteria.
• An important use of agricultural biotechnology is to – produce pest resistant plant.
• ‘Cry’ gene is obtained from- Bacillus thuringiensis.
• The Taq polymerase enzyme is obtained from thermos aquatic us.
• A polymerase chain reaction is most useful in DNA Amplifications
• During PCR technique, the pairing of primes to SSDNA segment- Annealing
• The recombinant plasmid is introduced into bacteria cells by the process of Transformation.
• DNA Segment to be cloned is called- DNA insert.
• The bacterial plasmid contains -DNA
• Urea is produced in animals by the breakdown of proteins.
• Ribosomes are made up- RNA
• Bacteriophage consist of Nucleoprotein
• The main technique involved in Agricultural biotechnology – tissue cultural
• DNA probes – critically important tool used in DNA hybridization.
• Complementary base pairing is important for – synthesizing cDNA from mRNA template
• Many copies of a DNA Molecule in a test tube are procured by – polymerase chain reaction.
• Restriction enzymes: is used to cut DNA Molecule in r-DNA technology.
• First steps of the PCR- Denaturation
• PCR– Site-directed mutagenesis.
• Golden rice was developed by the presence of B-carotene.
• Hybridoma technology is useful in the production of monoclonal antibodies.
• Reverse transcriptase – enzymes is responsible for the synthesis of DNA from RNA polymerase.
• Gene amplification: the technique used to synthesize large quantities of specified DNA fragments without cloning them.
• To be useful in the preparation of recombination DNA. A plasmid must have
  DNA- restriction endonuclease activity.

• The extra chromosomal, self-replicating,double stranded, closed, circular DNA Molecular is called plasmids.
• First licenced drug produced through genetic engineering- penicillin
• First transgenic bacteria was produced (1978).
• Insulin, a protein, consisting of – 2 Polypeptide chain
• Ligases- group of enzymes are popularly called “Molecular Sitchers”
• Plasmids- are present in bacteria only
• Transgenic organisms are -produced by gene transfer technology
• Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)- Plasmid vector was constructed by combining centromere, telomere, and autonomously repeating sequence
• KarryB.Mullis was awarded Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1993 for PCR
• The vector used for genetic transformation of plants is- cosmid
• Ferric ammonium sulfate is mordant
• Shuttle vector: A plasmid Capable of replicating in two different organisms.
• Branch dealing with genetic engineering is Engineering is Eugenics
• Electrophoresis is separate the charged molecules such as DNA, RNA, and Protein is called.
• The gene of choice and vector DNA are Joined together by an enzymes Ligase
• A gene whose expression help to identify transformed cell (Selectable Marker)
• The DNA Molecule to which the gene of interest is integrated for cloning- vector
• The polyethylene glycol method is used for gene transfer without a vector.
• The mobile genetic element is- transposons
• Lal Bahadur Shastri biotechnological center is at Delhi.
• Dermatoglyphics is connected with fingerprinting.
• Cheese and yogurt are products of the process of fermentation
• PCR developed in 1983
• Plasmid- single-standard
• GEAC- Genetic Engineering Approval Committee.
• Pathophysiology is the study of altered physiology of the host
• The trigger for activation of toxic Bacillus thuringiensis is – Alkaline P^H of the gut.
• ADA is an enzyme – Adenosine deaminase.
• The conversion of sugar into alcohol during fermentation is due to the direct action of the enzyme zymase.
• A gene whose expression help to identify transformed cell is – selectable marker.
• In recombinant DNA, technology plasmids are used as vectors.
• ‘Arthropda’ is derived from two greek/ Latin root words:- ‘Artho= Joint” ‘pods-foot or legs’
• PCR– multiple copies of the desired genes are produced.