• • Father of Entomology – William Kirby. 
  • Insect is derived from latin word means “Cut into”
  • National Bureau of agricultural Insect resources (NBAIR) is located- Bangalore

• Insect are grouped with other animals one grouped with other animals one group is phylum Arthropoda (Joinedd legs)

• Phyllum Arthropada is classified 7 classes.

Onychorohora- (claw bearing) e.g.- peripatus
Crustacea – (Crusta-shell) e.g. prawn, crab, wood louse,
(8 legs) Arachnida- (archne-spider) e.g. scorpoin,spide, tick, mite,
Chilopoda- (Chilo-lip) (poda-appendage) e.g. centipedes.

Diplopoda- (Diplo- two, poda-appendage) e.g. Millipede

 Triobita- (an extinct group
Hexapoda (Hexa-six,poda-legs) or Insecta (In-Internal; sect- cut)

• Father of Agricultural Entomology in Indian Dr.Imms.
• Insect: is an arthropod having body segmented into three regions (Head,thorax,abdomen) also Insect are (Invertebrates) (non-chodate)
• Zeroptera- is the smallest order of class insect.
• Piercing and sucking type of mouth part are found in Mustard aphid.
• Chewing (primitive) – orthopteran (grass hopper).
• Lapping – Hymenoptera: bee
• Siphoming- lepidotera :butterfly 
• Sponging- Diptera – fly 
• Coined the term “Pest Management”- Geier(Scientific)
• Scientific Name of banana aphid – Pentalonia nigroneruosa.
• Siphonaptera- belong to hematophagous (blood feeders)
• The lower lip of insect mouth part is known as -labium 
• The pest which attack both in field and storage of pulses is -pulse beetle.
• Insect that pass through the egg, larva, pupa and adult stage in their life cycle have- complete metamorphosis
• Hymenoptera- order of insects is most closely related to Diptera.
• The first successful attempt to utilize biological control involved the importation of vedalia beetle.
• Yellow stean borer hibernates as larva.
• Maximum species of parasitoids – Hymenoptera.
• Tree bonding is useful for control of (Mango Mealy bug).
• The most effective moulting Hormone in insect is ecdysone.
• Insecticide act was passed in 1968.
• Destructive insect Pest Act (DIP)Passed in year
• First resistant was found in which agricultural pest- singahara beelte.
• The Indian lac research institute located -Ranchi.
• First Integrated pest Management(IPM) program was applied for which crop- rice
• Dispones stage of rice stem borer is pupae.
• Central sericulture research & training institute situated in Mysore
• Earthworms- have closed circulatory system.
• Rice meal moth- insect is used as host for multiplication of egg parasitoids in laboratory.
• The first insect that has found to have resistance against Bt toxin in field is diamond back moth.
• Streptomycin is biocide use destroy (bugs)
• Smallest Insect order is – Zoraptera 
• Maximum Acid Nature fertilizer is Anhydride ammonia acidity- 148
• The best method of control stored grain pests is fumigation.
• Leaf curl of tabacco is caused by white fly 
• Example of an insect order in which nymphs are called Naids- odonata
• Potato tuber moth- pest of potato attacks the tuber both in field and storage.
• Termite – most serious pest of wheat 
• Terichogramma is a endoparasitoides of insect eggs.
• Scientific Name of wild silk moth is Bombyx mandarin.
• Insect order closely related to Diptera order Hymenoptera.
• Siphonaptera:  parasitic insect commonly 
• Largest insect order is coleoptera. 
• 10-15% should seed rate more in saline and alkaline soil.
• Tomato is known as Zn loving plant.
• Red colour in watermelon is due to (Lycopene & Anthocyanin).
• Celling percentage of check pea is 49%
• Current growth rate of fruit production of India = +3.0%
• Lobsters and shrimp belong to arthropada crustacea.
• Insect order is closely related to Dermaptera= order- orthoptera.
• Neopterous insect belong to the category- Ectognathous.
• Subimago- is development stage is found only in the Ephemeroptera.
• The egg shells of insect is known as- Chorion 
• The role of micropyle in an insect’s egg- sperm entrance 
• Insect order commonly found in soil litter collembola
• Johnston’s organ is present in pedical-
• Lac is produced mainly by female lac insect.
• RNA and DNA is make by Nucleotides.
• Chelicerate type of arthropoda are spiders and ticks
• Potato tuber moth (phthorimaea opercuullella) was introduced in India from Italy.
• San Jose scale(Quadraspiditus pernicious) was introduced in India from -China
• Maximum Number of biotypes occurs in which insect- Hessian fly.
• Bupro fezin kill insect by- Inhibiting chitin synthesis.
• Rotenone is obtained from which part of the plant- leaves. 
• Connecting link b/w Annelida and arthropod- peripatus.
• Green glands are present in Crustaceans 
• Head is connect to the thorax through cervix 
•  Wax gland are- multicellular 
• Maize streak virus is transmitted by – leaf hopper
• Lysosome are reservoirs of – Hydrolytic enzymes
• The wings are developed from (Meso thorax + Meta thorax).

 

                                                      
                                                Common Name (Ptenothporax) 

• Tymphanum is generally found in (first abdominal segment)
• Antenma type of mustard sawfly (Unipectinate)
• One-gene,-one Enzyme concepts was driven by Beadle & Tatum)
• RNA is synthesized by DNA in -cytoplasm
• First layer secreted during body wall formation is cuticuline.
• Book lungs are present in Arachnids 
• CTRIT- Central Tasar research  & Training Institute(located in Ranchi)
• Rice Moth Corcyra Cephalonia is storage pest.
• Moisture content to prevent the attack of storage pest (<10%)
•  The second segment of the leg of an insect – Trochanter.
• White ear head & dead heart of paddy is caused by – yellow stem borer.
• Khapra beetle- Trogoderma granarium storage pest can attack even at 3% Moisture content of Grain.
• White fly insect transit yellow mosaic of Okra.
• Monophagus pest of rice is- yellow stem borer.
• Topping or clipping of rice seedling is recommend to before transplanting for managing – (Rice Hisa),(yellow stem borer)
• Rice gundy bug – insect attack on Milky stage and cause chaffyness of grain.
•  Majority of stored grain pest, beneficial insect and fleas belong to which order respectively belong to which order- celeoptera, Lepidoptera. Diptera.
• The organism used in mass multiplication and its family- (Corcyra, Cephalonia, galleridae.  
• The largest bee or rock bee- Apis dorsata
• Pheromones are also known as Ectonomoes.
• Filter chamber is present in (Homoptera) Insects
• Cryptolestus minutus and caryedon serratus are smallest and largest storage pest respectively 
• Commonly used fumigant in god owns- Aluminium Phosphide
• The ratio of ethylene dichloride and carbon tetrachloride in EDCT And C:N ratio is Respectively – (3 : 1 & 10-12 : 1)

 

Insect pest of stored grain

 

Primary Stored	Secondary Storge
Rice weevil Attack Serval crops-wheat, Rice Family- curiculionidae	Rust red flour beetle (tribolium castaneum) damage stage larva and adults
Khapra Beetle (trogoderma granarium) family- Dermistidae Oil seed and Cereal product	Long headed flour beetle Latheticus oryzoe attack cereals flour, packaged food,rice and rice product
Lesser grain paddy borer beetle (Phyzopertha dominica)	Saw toothed grain beetle (oryzaephilus surinamensis)
Grain Moth (Sitotroga cerealella) Damaging storage(Larva & Adult)	Rice Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica) family- pyralidae
Pulse beetle Callos obruchus chinensis stored (Legumes)	Indian meal moth (ploida interpuncetalla) Common Name ,weevil moth, pantry moth flour moth or grain moth family- pyralidae
Potato tube moth Family- gelechiidae (pthorimaea operculella) Stage attack- Larva & adult major for potato crops	—

 

• Anticipation of pest problem before they occur (prognosis)

• Yellow sticky traps are used to control (white fly + Aphids )

• Blue sticky traps are used to control (Thrips)

 

Integrated pest Management system

• National Centre for integrated pest Management is located at New Delhi

• The concept of IPM was first proposed by Geier and Clark.

• The Destructive insects & Pest Act (1914)

• Insecticide laws- 1968 stablished.

• Directorate of plant protection Quarantine & storage established in 1946 headquarter- Faridabad,  head- plant protection Adviser

• The pest Population at which control Measures are Initiated – Economic threshold level (ETL)

• In Mustard early sowing is done to protect the crops from – aphids 

• Herbicide -pesticide is used to control weed.

• A poisonous weed – parthenium.

•  What is PCO- Pest Control Operator

• The biocontrol agent that control soil born pathogen is – Trichoderma

• Acute toxicity- term for the adverse effects that occur short term exposure to pesticides.

• “Tea Mosquito” is a serious pest of cashew.

• A chemical used against coconut eriophyid mite- Dicofol

• Oil cake are- Concentrated organic Manure 

•  The Nutrient that gives tolerance to plant against drought pest and diseases. Potassium(K)

• Mite- is a non -insect pest 

• A common pre-emergent herbicide is Atrazine

• Yellow sticky trap is used for the Management of Aphids and whiteflies. 

• The stage of attack of flat grain beetle- grub

• Pre-emergent herbicide used in Rice pretilachlor.

• The chemical used to control the sucking insect- systemic poison.

• Insect which are found every where are called- cosmopolitan insects

• Optimum temp require for the best growth of stored insect pest is (28-32 0c)

• Food grain Technology Research Association of Indian is located at Hapur (uttar Pradesh)

• Irregular holes are symptoms of Damage of Rice Weevil.

• The beetle that can be eliminated if the grain is stored in Air Tight Container- Khapra Beetle.

• The most Quickly Available source of Nitrogen to plant are- Nitrate fertilizers

• Most effective pesticides is Organophosphates 

• Bordeaux Mixture – copper sulphate 

• Serious pest of Bt cotton – Aphid & Jassid

• The function of insect thorax is (low motion + respiration)

 

Vertebrate pest of crops include  

(Wild Boars)

• Serious pest of rice- yellow stem borer.

• Most serious pest of wheat is-termite 

Classification of insecticides and their Mode of action

• Use of pyrethrins, nicotine, azodirachtin, rotenone, etc are time honoured insecticides.

• Loss agricultural productivity due to pests and diseases is- 30%

• The mode of action of insecticide is through the attack on- (respiratory system + Nervous System)

• The common mode of action of herbicides is – (blocking of photo system II)

• Urea derivate pesticide belong to the category of Triazimes.

• Pheromone is also known as – ectohormone.

• DDT is organochlorine.

• Main excretory product of insect is- Uric acid

• A carbamate pesticide is propoxur.

• Mode of pesticide action is similar in organophosphate and carbamates.

• First commercial pesticide was- Bordeaux Mixture (Inorganic Fungicide)

• Pesticide generally attack – Nervous System.

• Pesticide with very low biodegradation but strong affinity for fatty tissues 

• Bygone contain- Propoxur

• Most Effective pesticide are- Organophosphate (Os)

Based On mode of action Classification

• 1. Physical Poisons 2. Respiratory Poisons 3. Chitin inhibitors 

• Insecticide- Protoplasmic, Nerve Poison General Poison.

• Physical Poisons- (physical effect) E.g. Heavy oils, tar oils, etc. which cause death by asphyxiation.

• Protoplasmic poison: A toxicant responsible for precipitation of protein specially destruction of cellular protoplasm of midget.

• IRAC- Insecticide resistant Action Committee (IRAC)

Scheme control insecticide on mode of action    

• Epithelium e.g. (Arsenical Componds)

• Respiratory poisons: Chemical Which block cellular respiratory an in Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Co, etc.

• Nerve poison: Chemical which block acetyl Cholinesterase (ACHE) and effect the nervous system e.g. organophosphorus, carbamate.

• Chitin inhibitors- interfere with process of synthesis of chitin due to which normal melting and development is disrupted .ex Novaluron, Lufenuron, Buprofezin.

• General Poison: Compounds which include neurotoxic symptoms e.g. chlordane, toxaphene

• Insecticide Obtained from neem plant is “Azadirachtin”.

• Chlorinated insecticide are- Stomach + Content poison.

• Organochlorines- pesticide are non -bio degradable most notorious pest of wheat is – termite.

• Herbicide prevent – photolysis of water.

• The pesticide used in foundation of buildings for preventing termite attack is Aldrin.

• House files and Mosquitos have become resistance to the DDT.

• First pesticide used by man is Rotenone

• Pesticides generally attack- Nervous system.

• Pest management partices must be applied at which Economic decision level- threshold level

• Destructive Insect and Pest Act (DIPA) was proposed in 1914.

• Plant Quarantine Act 1912

• 2003-plant Quarantine Order

• Pheromones are synthesized by – thoracic

• Fumigation is best Method of control stored grain pests is-

• Leaf curl of tobacco is caused by -white fly 

• Trichorgramma is a -Endoparasitoides of insect eggs.

• The ETL and BPH is (5-10 %) insect per hil

• ETL- Economic Thresh level

• International Institute of biological control is located- West Indies.

•   Chewing & cutting type mouth part are found in Among Worm.

• Trichogramma is a- endoparasitoides of insect eggs.

•   The hind legs of honey bee are known as Auricle.

• Chewing & Biting of mouth part are found in Beetle

• The damage stage of white grub is grub & Adult.

• Order odanata include- Dragon files.

• Larval Period of Silk worm – 30-35 Days

•  Insect pest of mango has Quarantine importance nut or Stone weevil.

• Honeybees, termites,& ants are called Eusocial insect 

Order – Hymenoptera.

Insecticide act was passed in the year 1968