Physical Chemistry:

• Structure of Atoms: the Nucleolus are- (Protons + Neutrons).
• An alpha particle contain (α- particle)- 2 positive charge and 4- mass Unit.
• Who discovered electrons- J.J Thomson?
• Formula for a mass number of an atom- ( No. of protons + No. of neutron)
• No. of electrons – determines of the chemical properties.
• Atoms that have the same mass number and different atomic number are called- Isotopes.
• The maximum mass of an atoms is concentrated in – Nucleus.
• If an atom’s atomic Number is given No. by N formula:
  (N= A-Z)
• α- particle is also known as- A helium Nucleus.\
• β- particle is also Known as- An electron
•  Atomic theory of matter was given by Dalton.
• Ruther ford’s atomic model the electron inside an atom are- Non -stationary 
• ∞- ray photons have- No mass and No. electric charge of +2.
• A device used for the measurement of Radioactivity is G.M Counter (Geiger-Muller counter)
• Hydrogen bomb is based on the principle of – Nuclear fusion.
• Phenomena of radioactivity was discovered by Herri Bequerel in 1896.
• α- particle kinetic energy (Maximum) α>β>∞ (minimum)
• α- particle ionizing radiation is (Alpha)
• Nuclear fusion element -Uranium (92U235)
• Radioactivity that takes the from high energy electromagnetic wave would be gamma.
• Which great scientist was discovered by alpha and beta (β) rays- Rutherford?
• The maximum number of electron presents in a subshell with formula – 2( 2l+1) (l= subshell)

 

Chemical Bonding

• The least electronegative element with (low ionization energy and low electron affinity (EA)

• Compared to compounds ionic generally have (High melting point and high boiling point)

• With increase in bond order, bond enthalpy increase and bond order length (Decreases)

• F2 and o2-2 have bond order  -1, N2 ,co and NO+ have bond order 3 

• Ethylene – gas used for artificial fruit ripening of green fruit.

• Highest lattice energy (increase), size of compound (decrease).

• Xef4 -square planer.

• Sp3 – Hybridisation in C2H6 (alkane)

• Sp2 – Hybridisation in C2H4 (alkene)

• Sp- Hybridisation in C2H4 (alkynes)

• Poor conductors of electricity is a characterise of – covalent compounds 

• The maximum number of hydrogen bonds that a molecule of water can have is – 4

• The bond formation as a result of the electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative ions is termed as electrovalent Bond -Ionic bond.

• The lowest energy structure is the one with the formal charge on the atoms- smallest.

• The effect of more electronegative atom on the strength of ionic bond -increase.

• Zero dipole moment -BF3, Co2, CH4.(µ=0)

• Non-Zero dipole Moment- NF3, CH3Cl, ClO2, (µ≠0)

• H-Cl molecule contain – polar covalent Bond.

• ClO3– = Pyramidal geometry (VSEPR)

• Resonance is due to – Delocalization of Pi electrons.

• H2O -Molecule of high dipole moment is (Increase Electronegative, µ Increase )

•  According to Fajan’s rule, Covalent Bond is favoured by -cation size (Decrease), anion size (Increase) 

• CH4 – Shape- tetrahedral

• So3— -Shape- tetrahedral (Sp3)

• The high value of electron affinity -Cl

• O2 each Oxygen atom is hybridized – Sp2.

• Measurement of the degree of polarity is Dipole Moment.

• Geometry of Molecule will be pyramidal,

• If the outer post shell of the central atom has- 3 Bond pair one lone pair.

• Unpaired electron in a molecule gives paramagnetic character.

• Periodic Table-

• Left to right (increasing factor) – Ionization Energy, Electron affinity, Electronegativity.

• Isobars are line joining -equal pressure.

• Lubricant in heavy Machines used- Graphite.

• Potassium iodate- used to iodise common salt (KIO4).

• Up to down – Increasing – Atomic radius, Metallic Character,

• Decrease Factor- Non-metallic Character

• Down to up- Increasing- electron affinity ionization energy.

• Right to left- Increasing- Atomic radius.

• The arrangement of elements in the modern periodic table is based on their:
  (increasing atomic No. in the Horizontal row)

• The electro positive character of elements on moving from left to right in a periodic table –Decrease.

• Transition metal of group elements -3 to 12 group No.

• “Baking Soda” -Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCo3).

• “Sodium Carbonate”- Na2Co3 .10H2O (Washing Soda).

• Fermentation of Milk to Curd is due to –lactobacillus.

• Ozone depleting pesticide: Methyl Bromide.

• Metal and Non-Metal:

Metal	Non-Metal
Metal and 1 to 3 electron in their outermost shell.	Non- Metal and 4 & 8 electron in their outermost shell.
Metal are solid at room temperature	Non- metal are present in three states solid, Liquids and gases.
Metal are generally Hard	Non- Metal are Soft.

 

• Soft metal we can cut knife – Na, K, L

• Metal which is found in liquid state at room temperature is mercury.

• Aqua- ragia is a Mixture of Concentrated -(Hydrochloric + Nitric acid)

• Amphoteric oxide- is Zinc Oxide.

• Aluminium oxide also – amphoteric Behaviour.

• Metal do not form Hydrogen gas reacting with Nitric acid.

• The element other than mercury which is found is liquid state – Bromine.

• Alkali Metal has Highest Specific Heat- Lithium (Li) (Used as coolant)

• Natural Dye- Alizarin.

• Quartz is made of – Calcium Silicate.

• The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wire is called- ductility.

• Most Ductility Metal- gold

• Most Non- Metals produce oxides when dissolve in water- is acidic Nature but metal always show- Basic Nature.

• In Stainless steel alloy iron metal is mixed with – Cr and Ni (Cr is maximum quantity available.

• Sodium is kept in which of the following substance for storage- kerosene   

• Calcium, Magnesium and Iron – the metallic constituent of hard water.

• The acid used in load storage cell is – H2So4.

• “Milk of Magnesia”- Mg (OH)2  (solid from name- Brucite).

• Soap is prepared by – Caustic soda(NaoH) + Animals fats

• Bronze is alloys – Copper + Tine(Cu + Sn)

• Brass is alloys- Copper + Zine (Cu + Zn)

• Amphoteric Oxide- React with (Acid + Base )Ex. Al2O3

• Anthracite -coal contain 90 % of carbon.

Organic Chemistry
Basic of Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes.

• Alkanes- CnH2n+2

• Alkenes- CnH2n

• Alkynes- CnH2n-2 (Bond Angle-180o)

• L.P.G is a Hydrocarbon consisting of a Mixture of (propane + Butane)

• Propane -Maximum Quantity available.

• Which among the following minerals is also known as Horn Silver- Silver chloride (AgCl2). (used in photochromic glass)

• Sodium Benzoate are used for preservation in Tomato Juice 

• Quick Silver- Mercury (ore- Sinnebar)

•  Cao -Quick Lime   Slacket lime- Ca(OH)2

• Carbon Black is obtained from -Methane (CH4)

• Wood sprit – (CH3OH) Methanol.

• Crude Oil Separated- Fractional Distillation.

• Black Gold-petroleum.

• Gasohol- is mixture of = gasoline + Ethanol.

• Alkynes is used as a rocket fuel- propyne

• Hydrolysis (Saponification) of a fat would yield (Glycerol and Soap)

• What is old name of Alkene- Olefins?

• Ethyl Acetate- is used for Making perfume and Dyes 

• In water alkanes are- insoluble water

• General formula of alcohol and phenol- CnH2n+2O

• A saturated Hydrocarbon is also an -alkane.

• Hydrocarbon with double or triple bonds are said to be -Unsaturated.

• Alcohol  are soluble in Lucas reagent (Con. HCl + ZnCl2)

• Methanol – also Known as “Wood Sprit” was produced by destruction distillation of wood methanol- colourless, Poisons,

• Fermentation takes places in anaerobic condition i.e. in absence of air,Co2 is released during fermentation.

• Propanol -alcohol would be most soluble in water.

• Gases used for ripening raw fruits- & Acetylene 

• Water soluble vitamin – B & C Ethylene

• Fat soluble vitamins – A,D,E,K

• What Blackens Silver’s Shine- Ozone Gas

• Cobalt is found in- Vitamin B12

• Sunlight & Fish Liner- Best Sources for Vitamin-D.

• Gases used by sea divers for breathing are – Oxygen & Helium.

• Zinc Phosphide is used as of – lead and Tin

• Purest form of Iron is- wrought iron (Carbon Contain-0.12 to 0.25%)

• Which agent is as seed in artificial rain (Silver Iodide) (AgI)

• Oxides of metal are- Alkaline during the process of “Rusting” the weight of iron -Increases.

• CaH2 (Calcium Hydride) is used to prepare fire prof and water proof Clothes.

• Chemical name of chromic Acid is- chromium trioxide (H2Cro4)

• Barium Hydroxide is also Known as Baryta water.

• Ammonia (NH3) is synthesized through Haber’s process.

• Chlorine is used to prepare- PVC, Insecticide, Herbicides.

•  Platinum is also called “White Gold”

• N2O is known as laughing gas.

•  Chloroform is sunlight form poisonous gas. 

• Nail Polish remover contain- Acetone. 

• Lightest metal: Lithium.

•  Acid rain is due to air pollution by (Nitrous Oxides + Sulphur Dioxide) 

• The lustre of metal is due to (presence of free electrons).

• Aspirin is Acetyl Salicylic Acid.

• Xeon- is also known as Stranger Gas.

• Oil of Vitriol is sulphuric acid (H2So4)

• Which is Known as “Metal of Future”- (Titanium)

• Kerosene is a Mixture of (Aliphatic Hydrocarbon).

• The important metal used with iron Produce stainless steel is chromium.

• Oxidation- Loss of electrons.

• The metal Constituent of Chlorophyll is Magnesium.

• Which Acid is used for etching gas – Hydrofluoric acid (HF)

• Paraffin Wax is – Saturated Hydrocarbon 

• Golden Rice is rich in- Vitamin A.

• Philosopher’s wool is- Zno.

• CaSo4.2 H2O- gypsum.

•  CaSo4.1/2 H2O- Plaster of Paris 

• Bio- Fertilizer for Rice is – Azolla

• The gas used for artificial fruit ripening of green fruit is Ethylene( C2H4)

• “Bhopal gas tragedy” of 1984 is related to- Methyl isocyanate (CH3NCO) 

• Hydrochloric Acid- Muriatic Acid.

• Greenhouse gases – CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC.

• Aerosol is example (fog, dust) – (Suspended solid particles is air)

• Electric Fuse is an alloy of – Tin and lead.

• •  Tetraethyl lead(TEL) is (An antiknock compounds)
  • Alcohol prepared by the distillation of wood is (Methyl Alcohol)
  • One of the constituents of tear gas is Chloropicrin.
  • Substance used as an antifreeze in Radiators or Automobiles is(CH3OH + H2O)
  • Mercury- Metals from an Amalgam with other metals (X+ Metal -amalgam.
  • Natural Dye- example of – Alizarin
  • Milk of Magnesia is a suspension of – Magnesium Hydroxide 
  • German silver is an alloy of – Zn, Cu, Ni,
  • HF- acid is used for the etching glass
  • The flavour of apple is mainly due to- Ethanol 
  • Fool’s Gold (Pyride)- FeS2 (Iron Sulphide)
  • Smoke is formed due to- Solid dispersed in gas
  • Dissolved noble metals Aqua ragia (HNO3 + HCl) (Ratio 1:3) -(Au,Ag,Pt)
  • Meneral containing both magnesium and calsium is- Dolomite (Ca Mg (Co3)2)
  • Hydrogen bomb is based on the principle- Uncontrolled fusion reaction.

• A powerful eye intent present in song is – proxy acetyl nitrate

• Ozone layer is present in -Stratosphere.

• Stainless steel is usually made by alloying the steel with- chromium + Nickel

• The gaseous Mixture of (Co +N2) – producer gas

• Phenol is used as- Antiseptics.

• Old Name of Alkenes- Olefin

• The gas emancipating through paddy field is – Methane

• PAN- Peroxy acetyl Nitrate is a – Secondary Pollutant.

• Name a gas used as rocket propellant and in welding also- Cyanogen (CN)2

• In Picking and etching sulphuric acid are used.

• Phenol is used as- Antiseptic 

• The graphite is – Diamagnetic

• Gun Powder- Potassium + Sulphur + Char Coal

• The green colour seen in firework display is due to the chloride salt of- Barium.

• Cholesterol is a fatty alcohol found in animal fat.

• PMN- Polymetallic Modules predominantly contain – Manganese.